INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 6)
january 24 2008 - 13:00 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A. Savin

PYRRUS VICTORY  (See part V...) During Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, Russia came into possession of territories of no great significance which brought nothing but doubtful moral satisfaction. Though, casualties were great and St. Petersburg’s “image” in their slave and Christian Brother’s eyes, living in Balkan Peninsula, became definitive and irremediable compromise. Re-annexation of three South-Bessarabian districts by the end of the Crimean War and territorial extension, also of no great significance (Caucasus, Kars vilayet), could be added to the list.  Russia revived its former value as great power within framework of European concert but did not enjoy the same priority as it had in 1856. Battle near Plevna and Kars showed vividly that Russia’s tries to catch previous military force were destroyed. We cannot even mention about Russian military force when it came to talk about the imperative necessity to compare military force of Romania contributing to win the Sick Man of Europe. Other great European powers profited from Russian weakness allowing them to steal its pitch of obtained with difficulty success. Russia did not enjoy the former influence and left much to be desired during the times of the “honest intermediary” Otto von Bismarck. Berlin Congress was the worst and the most painful experience Chancellor Gortchakoff had ever had during his diplomatic career.  Russia’s previous glory has lost...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 5)
december 26 2007 - 22:50 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A. Savin

SAN-STEFANO (see part 4...) Having participated together with Russia in the war on Turkey, the Balkan states were utterly amazed by the fact that Bulgaria, the Great Britain and Austria – Hungary scooped the largest profit (though, did not make any contribution to the common victory). Even more, the Austrians and the Britons were against elimination of Turkey from the Balkans. As for Bulgarians (before San – Stefano), they were refused even to mention about any autonomous unit except the church. So - called Bulgarian Exarchate gave birth to further development of filetism heresy in the Orthodox Church. Bulgarian state has been created near the boundary of San – Stefano Exarchate with a German Prince as head. Bulgaria occupied the territory of more than 160000 square kilometers comprising, except the present – day surface, the large part of Macedonia and Aegis Thrace (Macedonia and aegis Thrace were absolutely sound pretensions of Serbia and Greece).  Austria – Hungary was offered Bosnia and Herzegovina provinces (surrounding he Balkan boundaries) for her indifference concerning participation in the war on the Ottoman Empire (Do you remember the previous “rectification” in 1775 resulting in splitting of Bukovina?). Russia’s Balkan allies (they suffered the largest damage) again paid for their right in blood.  Serbia got involved into war to liberate its compatriots living on the territory...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 4)
december 14 2007 - 15:13 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A. Savin

ROMANIA AND WARFARE (See part - 3...) Events continued to change with kaleidoscopic speed: Romanian government declared about general mobilization of military forces March 31st and interrupted diplomatic relationship with Ottoman Empire April, 10th; Russia declared war on the Porte on April, 12th. Romania also got involved into war on April 30th (involvement in war resulted from bombardment of the Romanian towns Braila, Calafat, Bechet, Oltenita and Calarasi by the Turkish artillery).Romania mobilized all resources numbering twenty thousand people [1]. Though, the Russian commander in chief (also tsar Alexander II and chancellor Gortchakoff) declared about his ability to defeat the Ottoman Army without the Romanian Army help or any other side. It is worth observing that Romania has been warned (by the Great Powers) many times of the possibility to get involved into military operations because sooner or later Russians would rape southern Bessarabia. Andrassy at the meeting with Mihail Kogalniceanu (minister of Foreign Affairs of the time) tried to explain the same. Messengers from England and Italy also expressed their attitude toward the problem. Elated with the first successes (deceitful) of the battle, Prince Gortchakoff made a mistake by letting Romanians openly know about his country’s intentions concerning Bessarabia problem [2]. Unexpected bitter resistance destroyed the Russians’ plans: a blitzkrieg (A swift, sudden military...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 3)
december 7 2007 - 21:14 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A. Savin

ROMANIAN – RUSSIAN SECRETE CONVENTION OF 1877 (See part 2...) Romanian governing circles expressed directly their concerns and attitude on the issue of participating in Russian – Turkish war. They preferred to stay neutral. The war grew more and more vigorous. Nobody believed the guarantees given by the Congress of Paris. The principle of “Pacta servanda sunt!” (“Treaties should be respected!”) regarded only the small countries like Romania. Great Powers did not take into account the principle under issue. That is why the international treaties are nothing but a piece of paper that could be easily infringed. Bismarck expressed his point over the problem saying Field – Marshall’s task was starting a war while diplomat’s was finding the reason for starting it” (post – factum was also acceptable). Remember, Germany started war on Belgium in 1914 because Belgium was the first to commence air bombardment of peaceful towns bordering with Germany. Retrocession of three south Bessarabian districts (judete) belonging to Moldovan Principality (by the Congress of Paris in 1856) cannot be called and did not look like re – establishment of the “historical justice”. Let us not forget that only a small part of Bessarabia was to be ravished (three judete out of eight!). Budjak was the territory inhabited by the least amount of ethnically Romanian population living on the territory between...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 2)
december 2 2007 - 01:51 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A. Savin

Small countries especially the ones suffering from the very strong influence of Great Powers did not have the possibility by their own to make changes within the external policy. The newly formed Romanian State happened to belong to the same countries category. Having entered the process of decline Tsarist Empire in the East, Austrian Empire in the West and the Ottoman Empire in the South from the Danube River were still strong enough to oppress the disobedient vassals.  (see part I...) Thus, A. I. Cuza, the first Hospodar of the Unified Principalities chose the only way out to resolve the created situation: to form the coalition with Great Powers. It is evident that Romanians had to knock at many doors to find the best solution. It would be naïve if one suggested the Romanian external policy lacked continuity, ingratitude and dishonesty. Great Powers did not even try to hide the same “qualities” when it came to find someone to take the blame. Remember Austria expressing its “gratitude” and “acknowledgement” towards Russian people offering them their help during the Crimean war intended to quash the Hungarian revolution. There is no need to delve deeper into the history looking for long – forgotten cases and events. Remember some other, recent events!  Pursuing unworthy interests Russia betrayed Serbia (the former sisters belonging to the same communion!). Romanian States already became vassal...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 2)
july 4 2007 - 03:34 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis)

(see part I...) Small countries especially the ones suffering from the very strong influence of Great Powers did not have the possibility to make changes within the external policy by their own. The newly formed Romanian State happened to belong to the same countries category. Tsarist Empire on the East, Austrian Empire on the West and the Ottoman Empire in the South from the Danube River, though were in decline, were still strong enough to oppress the disobedient vassals.   Thus, A. I. Cuza, the first Hospodar of the Unified Principalities chose the only way out to resolve the created situation: to form the coalition with Great Powers. It is evident that Romanians had to knock at many doors to find the best solution. It is naïve to blame Romanian external policy of lack of continuity, ingratitude and dishonesty. Great Powers did not even try to hide the same “qualities” when it came time to find someone to take the blame. Remember Austria expressing “gratitude” and “acknowledgement” towards Russian offering them their help during the Crimean war to quash the Hungarian revolution. There is no need to delve deeper into the history looking for long – forgotten cases and events. Remember some other, recent events!  Pursuing unworthy interests Russia betrayed Serbia (sisters belonging to the same communion). Ţările Româneşti became vassal states of the Ottoman Empire already...

INDEPENDENCE WAR AND RUSSIAN BETRAYAL (PART – 1)
may 10 2007 - 12:12 (Public Centre for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis) A Savin

The two drunken men were walking along the bridge. A big wedding procession was passing by. “Let us give them a great kick in the face?” said one of the drunken men. “Well, and if they pay us the same coin?” replied another. “We are not to blame”, said the first furiously casting the puzzled look.Waging war on Turkey during the period between the years of 1877-1878, Russia disappointed the expectations of the Balkan countries putting hope and their fate in the hands of hers. Placing the countries under issue at the West’s service, Russia will never enjoy acknowledgement from them. Obtaining the accurate objective analysis of the events that took place one hundred and thirty years ago we observed Russia has never been paid the coin she paid.Rudolph Kellen, one of the fathers of the geopolitics observed a state can be characterized not only by its people passing through several distinct stages: genesis, growth, maturity, senility, agony and death, but also by their behavior. Some of them (especially the ones regarded as super powers) do not realize they may be paid the same coin (see above mentioned anecdote). The kind situation existed between Russia and the newly unified Romanian State by the end of the 19th century.One of the arguments put forward by the followers of “the betrayal appeared as the national specific character trait of the Romanians” is the adhesion of the Romanian royalty to Triple Alliance in 1883. This is...

ORGANIC REGULATION – THE APOGEE OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN ROMANIAN STATES (PART – III)
april 28 2007 - 23:21 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis)

EGYPTIAN CONJUNCTURE Muhammad Ali's Egypt [1] had a special influence on the course of events in the Danubian - Pontic Basin. The Mamluks ruled in Egypt about half of the millennium. Ayyoubid caliphs, later on Khedive caliphs [2] had their own guards mostly composed of slaves brought from Caucasus and Sudan. Circassian slaves were also called “white Mamluks”, while Sudan slaves – “black Mamluks”. Yesterday's slaves mastered the situation for the time being (just like the Praetorian Guard acting as bodyguards to the Roman Emperors). Khedive power became nominal. Soon, “the whites” and “the blacks” had a short bloody conflict finished by the victory of the Circassians on the one hand and slaughtering of Sudanese people on the other. The French republican Napoleon (Bonaparte for the time being [3]) had dealt a powerful blow against the Hegemony of the former slaves. The battle took place near the Great Pyramid complex at Giza in 1798. The Mamluks were ones and for all demoralized by their last battle lacking the aureole of invincibility. That is why it was not so difficult for Muhammad Ali appointed to position of Egypt pasha to defeat them in 1806. Getting rid of the Mamluks he initiated an ambitious program for future reforms as well as managed to form naval and terrestrial forces composed of French officers. In 1827 Muhammad Ali crushed the Greek Continental National Liberation Movement as...

ORGANIC REGULATION – THE APOGEE OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN ROMANIAN STATES (PART – II)
march 16 2007 - 13:11 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis)

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 Count Pavel Kiselyov was appointed to command the Russian occupying troops in Walachia and Moldavia. He remained the most powerful as well as the most talented Chief of Staff ever existing in Russia for the time being. He tried every possible way to incorporate Danubian Principalities into the Russian Empire. It would be easier to take them as the offer from the Ottoman Empire for 36.000.000 gold francs. The sum under issue was to be paid for wartime attrition on the part of the Ottoman Empire. Russia realized quite well the Ottoman Empire was not ready to reimburse the damage caused by war. Thus, Danubian Principalities were to be served as a kind substitute for money.(see part I...) Annexation of Ţările Româneşti on the example of the annexed Bessarabia and the Danube River mouth would serve as another solution of the problem. Lasting occupation of the North – Danubian territory would make it possible taking a step towards the annexation under issue. Kiselyov found it convenient to keep the occupying troops as long as possible on the territory under issue until super powers do not get accustomed to the existing situation allowing as if “occasional” “unobserved” incorporation of the Danubian Principalities into the Russian Empire. Count Pavel D. Kiselyov was deeply convinced the natural boundaries of the Russian Empire were to be established along the Danube River. That is why...

BETRAYAL OF RUSSIA OR THE NATURE OF BESSARABIA PROBLEM - III
december 1 2006 - 17:45 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis)

(see part II...) In 1812 the Prut - Dniester interfluve was annexed to Russia – the event being occurred after the signing of the Peace Treaty at the inn of the Russian spy Manuc Bei. As we have mentioned above (in the previous article disclosing detailed information concerning this event) the region in question gave gradual but correct impulse to Russian Empire as well as  the possibility for the latter to monopolize the Romanian territories supposed to be subdivided into four Guberniyas bearing the name of Bessarabia, Moldova, Small Wallachia and Great Wallachia. After the annexation of the territory under issue the toponym “Bessarabia” (previously applicable only for the Budzhak territory) became applicable throughout the entire territory. It was made with purpose of making the difference between the remaining part and the principality of Moldova [1] remaining under Ottoman suzerainty [2]. The presence of Russian troops (led by M. I. Kutuzov) in Moldova and the abusive exercise of power generated a feeling of fear, panic, hatred and indignation among the local population during the Russo - Turkish war 1806-1812. Many local residents left their native places moving beyond the Prut River. That is why some  foreign visitors compared the region in question with a desert barely inhabited by people [3]. As for newcomers they (like the Gagauz and the Bulgarians) claimed for primogeniture over the territories they were offered to settle...

MISERY OF HISTORY OR REFLECTION ON ONE ABJECT THEORY
november 2 2005 - 10:39 (Public Center for Monitoring and Strategic Analysis)

One of the worst consequences of communism is that everyone who wants get muddle with politics and history. In Russia mathematicians, as Fomenko, and even authors of detectives like Bushkovoy are engaged in it, occult Aesculapians alike Muldasev. In our country also poets and writers are engaged in this (we take example of the big brother) same (for example, by N.Dabija), post-graduated historians-philologists educated at Superior Party School, as V. Stati, and many others. Among many others has proved himself excessive one little known Serghei Gheorghievici Suleak issuing a set of articles and a monograph  („Oskolki Sveatoi Rossii”) consecrated to history of Rusini/Rosins. So, this Suleak has wrote about rusini it is not the big deal, could he write even about zuluses (our Constitution guarantee the freedom of press). Important is the fact who wrote, what he wrote and for whose interests he covers. Let’s start: Rusini - who they are and what is their homeland This article represents a reaction to Serghei Gheorghievichi Suleak’s series of articles and monography („Oskolki Sveatoi Rossii” – Splinters of the Saint Russia) dedicated to the history of Rusini. It includes the main points of the original article in Romanian. The Northern part of Carpathians is even today populated by an ethnical group called Rusini, which constitute a very interesting ethnos. Adjacent peoples - Slovaks, Czech, Poles, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Germans...